Friday, December 16, 2011

Japanese Family Crests

Kamon are Japanese emblems or crests, corresponding to the European heraldy tradition, and are used to specifically represent and identify a family.


They are a subset of the larger body of motifs (called mon) that are symbols of temples, clans, guilds and similar groups of people. Mon first appeared by the 12th century as patterns on flags and uniforms in battles, but their wider use followed the vagaries of class and social custom.

The quartets of kamon below were selected and spliced together from the symbol categories: animal, plant, flower, furnishing, martialism, natural and pattern crests. {I think there is some crossover}



tori, maihouou, maitsuru, houou (animal - kamon)
[animal crest] chicken, phoenix, crane, phoenix



kawarichohanagata, kame, rindokacho, usagi (animal - kamon)
[animal crest] butterfly, tortoise, bamboo grass, rabbit



tokugawaaoi, itsutsuwarabi, ipponsugi, marunimitsuicho (plant - kamon)
[plant crest] hollyhock, bracken, cryptomeria, Oxalis corymbosa



hitofusabudo, inenomaru, shuro, ichoedamaru (plant - kamon)
[plant crest] grape, rice, date palm, ginkgo



edafuji, hidarimitshufujitomoe, kawaridakibotan, ikarizakura (flower - kamon)
[flower crest] wisteria, wisteria, tree peony, anchor



itsutsunenji, hasu, kudarifuji, jurokugiku (flower - kamon)
[flower crest] Morning glory, goldthread, wisteria, chrysanthemum



kagi, marunifutatsuami, haboki, choban (furnishing - kamon)
[furnishing crest] key, gin trap, broom, alarm plate



tsuchi, fukuro, kinutemari, gionmamori (furnishing - kamon)
[furnishing crest] wooden hammer, bag, temari ball, amulet



marunichigaiya, mitsunawatsukiikari, marunimitsuougi, rinpo (martialism - kamon)
[martialism crest] arrow, anchor, fan, gem



nanatsuyaguruma, onikabuto, ikari, happonyaguruma (martialism - kamon)
[martialism crest] arrow, samurai warrior helmet, anchor, arrow



tsukinikumo, sumitatesayagatainazuma, asahiko, naminitsubame (natural - kamon)
[natural crest] cloud & moon, arrows of lightning, sun, wave



kurodadukinimizu, inazuma, hoshishippo, nami (natural - kamon)
[natural crest] water & moon, arrows of lightning, gem, wave



hidarimitsudomoe, manji, shipponihanabishi, marunikikkonihabnabishi (pattern - kamon)
[pattern crest] comma-shaped, swastika, gem, fusil



kikko, gourinikutsuwa, marunisujikai, sumitateyotsume (pattern - kamon)
[pattern crest] tortoise-shell, Japanese quince, crossed stick, meyui pattern


Wednesday, December 14, 2011

A Sometimes Unnatural History

The images below (background cleaned) are taken from the multi-volume natural history work, 'Getreue Abbildungen Naturhistorischer Gegenstände' (1795-1807), by Johann Matthäus Bechstein.


Do the watusi!

Gibbon



Common marmoset book illustration (absurd)
Common (!?) Marmoset (Simia jacchus Linnaeus)



late 18th c. mammal sketch (sloth)
Three-Toed Sloth (nb.)



stylised Lion in 19th c. book by Johann Bechstein
Lion



hand-coloured engraving of Hippopotamus
Hippopotamus



stylised sketch of elephant
Elephant



Rhinoceros sketch (absurd)
Rhinoceros



Vulture engraving
Vulture



colour engraving of the extinct Dodo bird
Dodo (extinct by 1681*)



Barbary Falcon sketch
Barbary Falcon



Blue Whale sketch with absurd facial expression
Blue Whale



Sperm Whale sketch with absurd facial expression
Sperm Whale



Antelope sketch from 19th c. natural history book
Antelope



coloured engraving of Tapir
Tapir



Squirrel engraving (hand-coloured) by Johann Bechstein
Squirrel



Polar Bear (Bechstein, 1803)

Polar Bear

I originally found this fabulous polar bear image from the Bechstein volumes a couple of years ago and chose at the time not to pursue the series. I felt that, although there was a BibliOdysseyesque diversity of material (in terms of artistic merit and style, absurdity, and range of species types), the illustrations had been largely stolen or adapted from earlier works (Buffon & Von Schreber come immediately to mind).

With the passage of time and the random rediscovery of the series website, I've had something of a change of heart. Repeated appearance of some of the illustrations (both in contemporary publishing terms and on this blog) underlines the importance and relative ubiquity of the contrived sketch settings, human-like emotions and absurdly humorous representations of some of the less familiar species in Early Modern natural history literature.

In fact, after skipping through the multiple volumes of similar material that constitute Bechstein's zoological encyclopaedia, the appearance of the anatomically correct and detailed renders among the more bizarre illustrations can feel the more incongruous finds. It's a snapshot reminder of progress in popular scientific reporting and accuracy.



Basilisk
Basilisk (mythological)



Wood Boring Beetle with bored-out wood block
Wood Boring Beetle



Johann Matthäus Bechstein (1757-1822) was a German ornithologist and forestry expert and a pioneer in animal and environmental conservation.

After studying and teaching theology, Bechstein's casual interest in natural history was formalised professionally with the founding in the 1790s of a forestry school and a forestry society in the German state of Thuringia.

Bechstein was a prolific author - if only a modest figure in the history of science - and is probably best remembered in the English-speaking world for his series on singing birds. He also provided the first description of several bird species, wrote a monograph on caged bird diseases and advocated for preservation of animals considered to be pests in his day (bats, for instance).

 
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